Adler Skyview Aviation and management Services

RTR(A)BASICS: BLIND TRANSMISSION- a transmission from one station to another station in circumstances where two-way communication cannot be established but where it is believed that the called station is able to receive the transmission. BROADCAST – a transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not addressed to a specific station or stations.

QUIZ🚨🤔 The definition of a force is: That which causes a reaction to take place Thrust and drag only A push or a pull The result of an applied input

Team Resource Management (TRM) Team Resource Management (TRM) is defined as: Strategies for the best use of all available resources - information, equipment and people - to optimise the safety and efficiency of Air Traffic Services. By the early 1990s, the corresponding concept of Crew Resource Management (CRM) had been embodied in flight crew training by among aircraft operators for many years and there was already good evidence to show that those programmes had been successful in reducing accident and incident rates. TRM was identified as a way of following CRM principles and both, along with the more recent Maintenance Resource Management (MRM), have now been embraced in the wider context of safety management as interventions that defend aircraft operations against common causes of system failure. Like CRM, TRM was based on the recognition that many operational incidents could be traced back to failures in human performance and teamwork. A EUROCONTROL initiative led to the creation of one of the first TRM training programmes. This prototype included separate modules on Teamwork, Team roles, Communication, Situational Awareness, Decision Making and Stress. Later two additional modules were added to cover the management of error and violation and the impacts of automation. Effective TRM in ATC requires the best use of all available resources in support of a safe and efficient operation which reduces both the incidence of error and the consequences of residual error. A focus on TRM is especially designed to improve the functioning of air traffic control teams. It does this by increasing the awareness and understanding of interpersonal behaviour and human factor capabilities as they are likely to affect operational safety. There is also evidence to show that CRM principles can be successfully applied to air traffic management. TRM training can reduce teamwork-related incidents and enhanced task efficiency. The main benefits of TRM are now considered to be: Reduced teamwork-related incidents Enhanced task efficiency Improved use of staff resources Enhanced continuity and stability of team work in ATM Enhanced sense of working as a part of a larger and more efficient team Increased job satisfaction TRM and Safety Culture Team Resource Management (TRM) training can be a powerful Safety Culture improvement enabler. A properly designed, implemented and sustained TRM program is an important safety initiative for any Air Navigation Services Provider (ANSP).

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RTR(A) BASICS: FLIGHT LEVEL (FL)- a surface of constant atmospheric pressure, which is related to specific pressure datum, 1013.2 h Pa, and is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals. BLIND TRANSMISSION- a transmission from one station to another station in circumstances where two-way communication cannot be established but where it is believed that the called station is able to receive the transmission.

QUIZ🚨🤔 The induced drag? A. Increases as the magnitude of the tip vortices decreases. B. Increases as the lift coefficient increases. C. Increases as the aspect ratio increases. D. Has no relation to the lift coefficient.

Controller Workload Description The role of the ATCO is to ensure the safe and expeditious flow of air traffic through the airspace for which they have responsibility. A controller must remain alert and effective throughout that part of their assigned shift which involves operational duty, ready to cope with unexpected or unforeseen situations such as the consequences of aircraft emergency declarations or extreme weather conditions. The workload of a controller must be accurately assessed to permit optimum efficiency. If it is too high for too long, they may be overstretched. If it is too low for too long, this not only constitutes an inefficient application of resources but is likely to increase the chances of a controller becoming distracted from their primary task. Effects An overworked controller may: Have difficulty maintaining Situational Awareness; Overlook a developing unsafe situation; Make errors of judgement; Become confused; Be unable to cope with a sudden increase in workload. A controller experiencing significant periods of underwork during a partcular shift may become bored and distracted from their primary task. Repetition of this over many consecutive shifts may lead to Complacency and invites specific measures for Risk Mitigation Defences Airspace is divided into sectors of responsibility sized according to the capability of a single controller. These sectors must be capable of being combined or split, on a tactical basis, where traffic levels are subject to significant variation from the sector design assumptions. Controllers are provided with Safety Nets and back-up teams to support their work. Shift patterns are designed to ensure that controllers can have sufficient rest and to reflect the different off duty rest issues for night-time and daylight duties. Each working duty contains appropriate breaks to allow controllers to rest and, if necessary, to recover after periods of high workload. SOPs properly define hand-over procedures so that an on-going controller is fully briefed before taking over a position. Ensure that all aspects of on the job training (OJT) are governed by effective SOPs Contributory Factors Staff shortage; Equipment malfunction or failure; Controller Position Design; Poor Team Resource Management (TRM); Inadequate Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). Solutions Ensure that staffing levels are adequate to cope with the expected task in peak periods, plus a margin to allow for sickness, training, etc; Split sectors in periods of very high activity; combine sectors in quiet periods; Rotate controllers’ duties to provide variety; Review and if necessary improve the design of the controller’s position; Ensure that adequate rest breaks are scheduled and that rest conditions are satisfactory. Review and if necessary improve TRM training provisions. Review and if necessary improve SOPs for handover/takeover of duties; ensure that SOPs are followed.

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