111 years ago today, the wife of the Governor General stood on a scrubby hill looking out over a sheep farm and announced that the new capital city of Australia would be called Canberra.
Just over 2 years earlier, the Australian government had completed the process of transferring around 2,500 square kilometres from NSW to begin the task mandated in the Constitution to establish a capital city.
When federation was being debated across Australia in the 1890s, Melbourne had recently eclipsed Sydney as the biggest city in Australia - Sydney would reclaim the title around 1910. They were of similar size and ambition. Each believed it should be the capital. The other 4 colonies were wary of either Sydney or Melbourne.
Looking to the precedents of Washington and Ottawa, the Constitution required that the new nation created in 1901 should establish a new capital.
Section 125 of the Constitution specified that the new city be located “in the state of New South Wales and be distant not less than one hundred miles from Sydney”.
There were some criteria. People were wary of naval risk so wanted it to be not on the sea. They were well aware of droughts, so it had to have a large and secure supply of drinking water. And they noted that all the great powers in 1901 were in cold climes and deduced that cold produced hardworking virtuous people, so they wanted it to shun the hedonism of Sydney with its warm summers and immoral beach life. No, I am not making this last bit up.
The search ranged across inland NSW, including Armidale, Orange, Tumut and Albury. Eventually they settled on the Limestone Plains between Yass and Queanbeyan, and Charles Scrivener conducted a detailed survey that was the basis of the transfer legislation in 1909 passed by both the NSW and Commonwealth parliaments.
The new federal capital would be unusual, however. Imbued with the theories of Henry George, the government would own all the land and lease it rather than sell it. The land rents would help pay for the construction of the new capital. Thus we find in s.9 of the Seat of Government (Administration) Act 1909 that the Commonwealth is prohibited from selling Crown land to create a freehold estate.
The new city was proclaimed in 1913, to a design by young American architect Walter Griffin, a student of Frank Lloyd Wright. As is so often the case, we have more recently realised that his wife Marion deserves at least equal billing for designing a remarkable city, that conforms to, arises from, but ultimately respects, the ancient landscape in which it sits.
111 years later, the city proclaimed in 1913 has almost 500,000 inhabitants, has far outgrown the Griffin’s plans, and has a life all its own. Australians are cynical of government, with good reason. But they ought to be proud of their national capital, whose design, architecture and respect for its environment, is surely the most impressive of all the world’s capital cities created out of a green field.
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