During the Cold War, Western radar equipment sprang up like mushrooms in the Arctic to monitor the Soviet nuclear Northern Fleet and its military activities. The fall of the Soviet Union made the vast, resource-rich region more open, with its deposits of oil and natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, zinc phosphates and diamonds, and abundant fisheries up for grabs.
The Arctic does not have a legal system of its own, due to the lack of recognised legal status. The Arctic Council – an intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States – is tasked with issues of sustainable development and environmental protection in the region. The Council makes up of five littoral states: Canada, Denmark (through Greenland), Norway, Russia, and the US; and three other: Iceland, Finland, and Sweden, that have Arctic territories but no coastlines on the Arctic Ocean.
In recent years, China has forged closer ties with Russia to beef up military cooperation and build its “Ice Silk Road” as part of its Belt-and-Road Initiative across Central Asia to Europe, Africa and beyond.
Russia capitalises on melting ice and seeks to launch the Northern Sea Route (NSR) and the Northwest Passage as competitive national transport arteries, with the latter offering a more attractive alternative to the Suez Canal for transportation between Europe and Asia.
As an Arctic Council observer, Japan has stepped up its engagement by “ensuring the rule of law and promoting international cooperation” in its policy. The Arctic Ocean is governed by international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Respecting the freedom of navigation and other principles enshrined in international law are said to be Japan’s goals.
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