Counselling in West Leederville, WA

Photo of Jacinta Sfreddo, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Jacinta Sfreddo
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
I am a registered Clinical Psychologist providing evidence based psychological therapy to individuals over 18 years old. I have 10 years of experience working with people who struggle with a variety of difficulties, including: Stress, Anxiety, Mood related disorders, Addiction, Grief and loss, Trauma, Low self-worth, Personality disorders; and other behavioural and thought patterns that keep people stuck in their pain.
I am a registered Clinical Psychologist providing evidence based psychological therapy to individuals over 18 years old. I have 10 years of experience working with people who struggle with a variety of difficulties, including: Stress, Anxiety, Mood related disorders, Addiction, Grief and loss, Trauma, Low self-worth, Personality disorders; and other behavioural and thought patterns that keep people stuck in their pain.
(08) 6490 9155 View (08) 6490 9155
Photo of Cadie Amalfi, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Cadie Amalfi
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Leederville, WA 6007
I am a Clinical Psychologist with experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families across the public, private, and non-for-profit sectors. I adopt a warm, person-centred to understanding why you have chosen to engage in therapy and enjoy working with each person to accomplish their self-identified goals and live meaningful lives. I have experience providing therapy to clients who are experiencing anxiety and depressive disorders, experiencing life transitions including individuation and finding identity, LGBTQIA+, positive psychology, and stressors & interpersonal difficulties.
I am a Clinical Psychologist with experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families across the public, private, and non-for-profit sectors. I adopt a warm, person-centred to understanding why you have chosen to engage in therapy and enjoy working with each person to accomplish their self-identified goals and live meaningful lives. I have experience providing therapy to clients who are experiencing anxiety and depressive disorders, experiencing life transitions including individuation and finding identity, LGBTQIA+, positive psychology, and stressors & interpersonal difficulties.
(08) 6490 9080 View (08) 6490 9080
Photo of Marie-Anne Deighton, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Marie-Anne Deighton
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
I have over 20 years experience providing support and intervention to people vulnerable to acute psychosocial crises and/or chronic lifestyle stressors. I became a registered Psychologist in 2011 and have since developed a strong foundation in using evidence-based practice to support my clients to improve their mood management, reduce anxiety and stress, better regulate their emotional states, and address problematic behaviours, in order to lead healthy, meaningful lives.
I have over 20 years experience providing support and intervention to people vulnerable to acute psychosocial crises and/or chronic lifestyle stressors. I became a registered Psychologist in 2011 and have since developed a strong foundation in using evidence-based practice to support my clients to improve their mood management, reduce anxiety and stress, better regulate their emotional states, and address problematic behaviours, in order to lead healthy, meaningful lives.
(08) 6490 9201 View (08) 6490 9201
Scott Christopher Brandreth
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
Choosing to undertake psychotherapy or counselling and choosing a therapist are often pivotal and life changing decisions when it comes to dealing with emotional pain and discomfort you are experiencing in your life. My practice provides psychotherapy and counselling for people struggling with various aspects of their lives and who are looking to gain insight, integrate their past experiences and negotiate change in their internal world and themselves.
Choosing to undertake psychotherapy or counselling and choosing a therapist are often pivotal and life changing decisions when it comes to dealing with emotional pain and discomfort you are experiencing in your life. My practice provides psychotherapy and counselling for people struggling with various aspects of their lives and who are looking to gain insight, integrate their past experiences and negotiate change in their internal world and themselves.
(08) 6493 7812 View (08) 6493 7812
Photo of Emily Puckridge, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Emily Puckridge
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
I am an experienced Clinical psychologist who provides LGBTQIA+ and neurodivergent affirmative psychotherapy. I work with both adolescents (+16yrs) and adults. I am trained in the assessment and treatment of mood disorders, adjustment issues/stress management, personality disorders, complex trauma/post-traumatic stress disorder, family of origin issues and related psychological concerns such as low self-esteem and emotion dysregulation. I also work with individuals who might not be experiencing acute mental health issues but are wanting to better understand themselves and enhance their wellbeing.
I am an experienced Clinical psychologist who provides LGBTQIA+ and neurodivergent affirmative psychotherapy. I work with both adolescents (+16yrs) and adults. I am trained in the assessment and treatment of mood disorders, adjustment issues/stress management, personality disorders, complex trauma/post-traumatic stress disorder, family of origin issues and related psychological concerns such as low self-esteem and emotion dysregulation. I also work with individuals who might not be experiencing acute mental health issues but are wanting to better understand themselves and enhance their wellbeing.
(08) 6490 9959 View (08) 6490 9959
Photo of Anna Gavrilova, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Anna Gavrilova
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
I am a clinical psychologist who has experience working with children, adolescents and adults in private settings and within schools and universities. I provide a warm and empathic approach to therapy focusing on increasing insight and self-awareness to build resilience. I have experience in the treatment of a variety of difficulties, including anxiety, mood disorders, family of origin issues, interpersonal problems, and personality disorders. I also work with neurodiverse induvial such as those who are Autistic or have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). I have a specific interest in the female presentation of Autism.
I am a clinical psychologist who has experience working with children, adolescents and adults in private settings and within schools and universities. I provide a warm and empathic approach to therapy focusing on increasing insight and self-awareness to build resilience. I have experience in the treatment of a variety of difficulties, including anxiety, mood disorders, family of origin issues, interpersonal problems, and personality disorders. I also work with neurodiverse induvial such as those who are Autistic or have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). I have a specific interest in the female presentation of Autism.
(08) 6490 9073 View (08) 6490 9073
Photo of Nathan Barton - Kinship Psychology Services, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Kinship Psychology Services
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
At Kinship, our central focus is to cultivate a safe and trustworthy environment. So that those seeking help feel emotionally comfortable and are able to connect with our dedicated, compassionate and skilled professionals. Here, we collaborate with our clients, emphasising a strengths-based approach to achieve lasting therapeutic outcomes. We work with people who have experienced trauma in their life, those feeling emotional distress, suicidal thoughts or relationship difficulties and those who are experiencing mental illnesses such as PTSD, Depression, Anxiety, complex grief, stress or adjustment difficulties.
At Kinship, our central focus is to cultivate a safe and trustworthy environment. So that those seeking help feel emotionally comfortable and are able to connect with our dedicated, compassionate and skilled professionals. Here, we collaborate with our clients, emphasising a strengths-based approach to achieve lasting therapeutic outcomes. We work with people who have experienced trauma in their life, those feeling emotional distress, suicidal thoughts or relationship difficulties and those who are experiencing mental illnesses such as PTSD, Depression, Anxiety, complex grief, stress or adjustment difficulties.
(08) 6490 9050 View (08) 6490 9050
Photo of Joanne Blomquist, MC, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Joanne Blomquist
Psychotherapist, MC, PACFA
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
Not accepting new clients
A Clinical Counsellor and Psychotherapist whose work explores experiential integrative approaches to health and wellness. Cultivating a strong therapeutic alliance, Jo's warm and compassionate manner allows for the creation of a safe space for clients to explore therapeutic goals and facilitate sense and meaning making of their issues and life. Therapy can be helpful when our usual way of coping has been challenged or when something in our life just doesn't feel right.
A Clinical Counsellor and Psychotherapist whose work explores experiential integrative approaches to health and wellness. Cultivating a strong therapeutic alliance, Jo's warm and compassionate manner allows for the creation of a safe space for clients to explore therapeutic goals and facilitate sense and meaning making of their issues and life. Therapy can be helpful when our usual way of coping has been challenged or when something in our life just doesn't feel right.
(08) 6490 9472 View (08) 6490 9472
Photo of Tristan Abba, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Tristan Abba
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
I am a Registered Psychologist with a Master of Counselling Psychology leading a team of psychologists in West Leederville with extensive experience providing individual therapy to children, teens, and adults. I help clients who are experiencing anxiety and depressive disorders, facing family conflict, having difficulties managing ADHD and life stressors, and those who have experienced trauma. My practice is person-centered, neuro-affirming, and takes a strengths-based approach to care. Sessions are provided face-to-face or via telehealth services.
I am a Registered Psychologist with a Master of Counselling Psychology leading a team of psychologists in West Leederville with extensive experience providing individual therapy to children, teens, and adults. I help clients who are experiencing anxiety and depressive disorders, facing family conflict, having difficulties managing ADHD and life stressors, and those who have experienced trauma. My practice is person-centered, neuro-affirming, and takes a strengths-based approach to care. Sessions are provided face-to-face or via telehealth services.
(07) 3186 0226 View (07) 3186 0226
Photo of Charlette Barry, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Charlette Barry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
I aim to create a safe space where clients feel comfortable sharing their experiences, as well as feeling heard and valued. I work collaboratively with clients to provide guidance and assist them on their journey in becoming empowered and leading a life that is purposeful and meaning centred.
I aim to create a safe space where clients feel comfortable sharing their experiences, as well as feeling heard and valued. I work collaboratively with clients to provide guidance and assist them on their journey in becoming empowered and leading a life that is purposeful and meaning centred.
(08) 6493 7745 View (08) 6493 7745
Photo of Julie Cole, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Julie Cole
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
Waitlist for new clients
I am a warm and genuine psychotherapist trained to explore how present concerns or difficulties may be influenced by past experiences, attachment patterns or unconscious beliefs and thoughts. I see people who are working through all kinds of relationship distress or concerns as well as grief. I have a particular expertise working with couples and individuals working through life transitions. I also work on improving or changing difficult workplace relationships or dynamics.
I am a warm and genuine psychotherapist trained to explore how present concerns or difficulties may be influenced by past experiences, attachment patterns or unconscious beliefs and thoughts. I see people who are working through all kinds of relationship distress or concerns as well as grief. I have a particular expertise working with couples and individuals working through life transitions. I also work on improving or changing difficult workplace relationships or dynamics.
(08) 6219 3879 View (08) 6219 3879
Photo of Brian Allen - Brian Allen and Associates, MAPS, Psychologist
Brian Allen and Associates
Psychologist, MAPS
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007  (Online Only)
As a mature person I have the benefit of my own life experience as well as my many years of professional practice that I can draw upon. This has enabled me to help many people to improve the quality of their lives and their relationships and to cope with and overcome the traumas and challenges that life eventually presents to all of us.
As a mature person I have the benefit of my own life experience as well as my many years of professional practice that I can draw upon. This has enabled me to help many people to improve the quality of their lives and their relationships and to cope with and overcome the traumas and challenges that life eventually presents to all of us.
(08) 9121 1016 View (08) 9121 1016
Photo of Narelle Whitfield, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Narelle Whitfield
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
I work in a client-focused way and to address the issues the client brings to the session. I have worked with a range of issues. I particularly like working with children, young people and women are experiencing relationship difficulties, whether that be with a partner, school relationships or parents.
I work in a client-focused way and to address the issues the client brings to the session. I have worked with a range of issues. I particularly like working with children, young people and women are experiencing relationship difficulties, whether that be with a partner, school relationships or parents.
(08) 7078 8254 View (08) 7078 8254
Photo of Danielle Zappavigna, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Danielle Zappavigna
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
I love being a psychologist. It’s a genuine pleasure and joy to work with people, to be invited to hear about their lives, their challenges and what they want for themselves. In working with people, I’m interested in tailoring therapy to each individual client. I recognise that every person has their unique way of being in the world and way of looking at the world, and so will have their own needs and wants in how therapy will work for them.
I love being a psychologist. It’s a genuine pleasure and joy to work with people, to be invited to hear about their lives, their challenges and what they want for themselves. In working with people, I’m interested in tailoring therapy to each individual client. I recognise that every person has their unique way of being in the world and way of looking at the world, and so will have their own needs and wants in how therapy will work for them.
(08) 6490 9769 View (08) 6490 9769
Photo of Julie Sparrow, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julie Sparrow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Leederville, WA 6007
Life can be hard and it takes courage to seek help and work for change. I enjoy working with adults of all ages, and provide a safe, confidential space to support you with current challenges. I have significant experience working with people affected by cancer and chronic illness, anxiety, depression, trauma, sexual abuse, loneliness, relationship and family challenges, and grief. I have considerable cross-cultural experience, both in Australia and overseas, and really enjoy working with people from different backgrounds.
Life can be hard and it takes courage to seek help and work for change. I enjoy working with adults of all ages, and provide a safe, confidential space to support you with current challenges. I have significant experience working with people affected by cancer and chronic illness, anxiety, depression, trauma, sexual abuse, loneliness, relationship and family challenges, and grief. I have considerable cross-cultural experience, both in Australia and overseas, and really enjoy working with people from different backgrounds.
(08) 6490 9072 View (08) 6490 9072
Photo of Rosealeen Tamaki, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Rosealeen Tamaki
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
If you are feeling depressed, and anxious, troubled in different ways, I am interested in getting to know you and the difficulties and issues that you experience at personal and/ or work and other relational levels. Through listening to you and talking together, it becomes possible to shed new light on old problems. This creates new ways of thinking. The ensuing growth development can enable you to consider yourself and others from new perspectives and allows space for different choices and the possibility to make different life decisions.
If you are feeling depressed, and anxious, troubled in different ways, I am interested in getting to know you and the difficulties and issues that you experience at personal and/ or work and other relational levels. Through listening to you and talking together, it becomes possible to shed new light on old problems. This creates new ways of thinking. The ensuing growth development can enable you to consider yourself and others from new perspectives and allows space for different choices and the possibility to make different life decisions.
0402 466 572 View 0402 466 572
Photo of Hugo M Gonzales - COPE - Centre of Psychological Enrichment, PhD, MAPS, Psychologist
COPE - Centre of Psychological Enrichment
Psychologist, PhD, MAPS
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
Our practice offers a broad range of services including assessment and therapy for individuals, couples, children, families, workplaces and groups. We offer treatment for a wide range of mental health issues including (but not limited to): depression, anxiety, trauma and PTSD, stress/anger management, grief, addictive behaviours, self-esteem, relationship problems, sleeping problems, child behavioural and emotional problems, pain management and resilience. Our goal is to ensure the highest standard of evidenced based psychological intervention, psychometric testing and assessment.
Our practice offers a broad range of services including assessment and therapy for individuals, couples, children, families, workplaces and groups. We offer treatment for a wide range of mental health issues including (but not limited to): depression, anxiety, trauma and PTSD, stress/anger management, grief, addictive behaviours, self-esteem, relationship problems, sleeping problems, child behavioural and emotional problems, pain management and resilience. Our goal is to ensure the highest standard of evidenced based psychological intervention, psychometric testing and assessment.
(08) 7078 8301 View (08) 7078 8301
Photo of Sabinne Barquett, MPsych, PACFA, Counsellor
Sabinne Barquett
Counsellor, MPsych, PACFA
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
Sabinne has been leading hundreds of people in their paths of self-transformation. There has been a huge impact in these people’s lives. She has helped them to successfully overcome depression, anxiety disorders, panic, trauma (including PTSD), relationship challenges, loss and grief, suicidal ideation and self-harm, parenting conflicts, stress, eating disorders, addictions, bullying, self-esteem issues, insomnia and also assisted them with their self-awareness. During these years she has worked with all age groups, with people from different backgrounds and also in the disability field. She works with Psychotherapy and Coaching.
Sabinne has been leading hundreds of people in their paths of self-transformation. There has been a huge impact in these people’s lives. She has helped them to successfully overcome depression, anxiety disorders, panic, trauma (including PTSD), relationship challenges, loss and grief, suicidal ideation and self-harm, parenting conflicts, stress, eating disorders, addictions, bullying, self-esteem issues, insomnia and also assisted them with their self-awareness. During these years she has worked with all age groups, with people from different backgrounds and also in the disability field. She works with Psychotherapy and Coaching.
(08) 7079 4274 View (08) 7079 4274
Photo of Nick Averbuj, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed, Psychologist
Nick Averbuj
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
I pride myself on being on of the few psychologists who will help you investigate the underlying processes behind your difficulties. If you're prepared to commit to the therapeutic process to create meaningful change, then I hope you will contact me. Achieving sustainable change is not quick process, so if you're in need of immediate tools to alleviate symptoms in the short-term, I encourage you find one of the great professionals who offer more of that service. On the other hand, if you feel there are unconscious processes that you're ready to explore, my psychoanalytic approach might suit you more.
I pride myself on being on of the few psychologists who will help you investigate the underlying processes behind your difficulties. If you're prepared to commit to the therapeutic process to create meaningful change, then I hope you will contact me. Achieving sustainable change is not quick process, so if you're in need of immediate tools to alleviate symptoms in the short-term, I encourage you find one of the great professionals who offer more of that service. On the other hand, if you feel there are unconscious processes that you're ready to explore, my psychoanalytic approach might suit you more.
(08) 7078 8199 View (08) 7078 8199
Photo of Dr Rebecca Chau, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Dr Rebecca Chau
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
I offer a warm, open, collaborative therapy environment for those experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, and difficult life transitions. As a clinical psychologist, I also offer DBT-informed therapy for individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder traits (or Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder). Formally trained in CBT, I also utilise Schema Therapy to collaboratively work with you to develop new strategies for thinking and behaving that serve to improve the quality of your life.
I offer a warm, open, collaborative therapy environment for those experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, and difficult life transitions. As a clinical psychologist, I also offer DBT-informed therapy for individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder traits (or Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder). Formally trained in CBT, I also utilise Schema Therapy to collaboratively work with you to develop new strategies for thinking and behaving that serve to improve the quality of your life.
(08) 6490 9123 View (08) 6490 9123
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See more therapy options for West Leederville

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in West Leederville, WA

20+

Average cost per session

$187

Counsellors in West Leederville, WA who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
85% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
78% Stress
74% Life Transitions
70% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Medicare Rebates
58% Bupa
58% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in West Leederville, WA see their clients

97% In Person and Online
3% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
26% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in West Leederville?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.

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