Photo of Dr. Jennifer Betancur, PhD, LCSW, CST, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Jennifer Betancur
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, CST
Verified Verified
Tampa, FL 33602  (Online Only)
Congratulations on taking the courageous step of seeking help—it's a decision that sets you on the right path. Welcome to this transformative journey! As an empathetic and licensed therapist with fifteen years of experience, I specialize in relationships, intimacy, and navigating emotional and behavioral challenges that can arise from life transitions. Using existential and person-centered approaches, I will guide you through life's obstacles and help you unlock your personal growth potential. Step into a warm, non-judgmental space to explore thoughts and emotions freely.
Congratulations on taking the courageous step of seeking help—it's a decision that sets you on the right path. Welcome to this transformative journey! As an empathetic and licensed therapist with fifteen years of experience, I specialize in relationships, intimacy, and navigating emotional and behavioral challenges that can arise from life transitions. Using existential and person-centered approaches, I will guide you through life's obstacles and help you unlock your personal growth potential. Step into a warm, non-judgmental space to explore thoughts and emotions freely.
(813) 375-0302 View (813) 375-0302
Photo of Christina Cummings, LMHC , CMHC, Counselor
Christina Cummings
Counselor, LMHC , CMHC
Verified Verified
Tampa, FL 33602
It is important that my clients have issues that I am qualified to treat. An ideal client would be willing to explore, understand, and work through their psychological and emotional challenges. Their needs consist of a nonjudgmental space where they feel seen, heard, and understood, allowing them to express themselves freely and practical tools and coping strategies to manage symptoms of anxiety, depression, or stress and to navigate challenging emotions or situations.
It is important that my clients have issues that I am qualified to treat. An ideal client would be willing to explore, understand, and work through their psychological and emotional challenges. Their needs consist of a nonjudgmental space where they feel seen, heard, and understood, allowing them to express themselves freely and practical tools and coping strategies to manage symptoms of anxiety, depression, or stress and to navigate challenging emotions or situations.
(813) 761-3207 View (813) 761-3207
Photo of Ann Witt, PhD, MS, LMHC, NCC, CCMHC, Counselor
Ann Witt
Counselor, PhD, MS, LMHC, NCC, CCMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33602
Have you attended self-help workshops and read the latest books only to find yourself repeating the same old patterns that produce the same old results? My counseling style will fuel your motivation to create sustaining life changes, whether you are struggling with trauma, anxiety, depression, your career, relationship issues, parenting challenges, or the stressors of daily living! An innovative, caring, action-oriented approach will help you transform old patterns of behavior into renewed focus for more desirable, self-affirming outcomes. Make that important call right now while you are thinking about the changes you want to make.
Have you attended self-help workshops and read the latest books only to find yourself repeating the same old patterns that produce the same old results? My counseling style will fuel your motivation to create sustaining life changes, whether you are struggling with trauma, anxiety, depression, your career, relationship issues, parenting challenges, or the stressors of daily living! An innovative, caring, action-oriented approach will help you transform old patterns of behavior into renewed focus for more desirable, self-affirming outcomes. Make that important call right now while you are thinking about the changes you want to make.
(727) 287-5516 View (727) 287-5516
Photo of Panayiota Paula Fitzpatrick, LMHC
Panayiota Paula Fitzpatrick
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Tampa, FL 33602
As a school counselor and therapist for the past 20 years, I have worked with people struggling in one or many areas of their lives. This includes people going through loss, divorce, grief, anxiety, depression, attentional or organizational difficulties, lack of motivation, childhood trauma, and lack of confidence. I value and support every person I work with and find that people who experience the most success in therapy put in the work and effort in and outside of therapy sessions. That being said, healing happens at a different pace for everyone, and I'm here to meet each person where they're on the journey.
As a school counselor and therapist for the past 20 years, I have worked with people struggling in one or many areas of their lives. This includes people going through loss, divorce, grief, anxiety, depression, attentional or organizational difficulties, lack of motivation, childhood trauma, and lack of confidence. I value and support every person I work with and find that people who experience the most success in therapy put in the work and effort in and outside of therapy sessions. That being said, healing happens at a different pace for everyone, and I'm here to meet each person where they're on the journey.
(813) 706-4191 View (813) 706-4191
Photo of Joshua E. Shannon, LMHC, MCAP, CRC, NCC, SAP, Counselor
Joshua E. Shannon
Counselor, LMHC, MCAP, CRC, NCC, SAP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33602
I am a Ph.D. level Licensed Mental Health Counselor LMHC with specialties in Workers' Compensation, Trauma, PTSD, Addictions, Individual/Group Therapy. DOT/SAP/DUI evaluations. Certified Addictions Professional CAP, Certified Sexual Addictions Specialist.CSAS, I personalize treatment plans to a client's needs. .DUI/SAP Evaluation and treatment. Return to Duty Evaluations. Vocational Expert Witness, Workers Compensation CBT/EMDR Therapy for Pain Management and Substance Abuse. Experience in Veterans Issues.
I am a Ph.D. level Licensed Mental Health Counselor LMHC with specialties in Workers' Compensation, Trauma, PTSD, Addictions, Individual/Group Therapy. DOT/SAP/DUI evaluations. Certified Addictions Professional CAP, Certified Sexual Addictions Specialist.CSAS, I personalize treatment plans to a client's needs. .DUI/SAP Evaluation and treatment. Return to Duty Evaluations. Vocational Expert Witness, Workers Compensation CBT/EMDR Therapy for Pain Management and Substance Abuse. Experience in Veterans Issues.
(855) 235-7097 x701 View (855) 235-7097 x701
Photo of Karine Spiess, LMHC, Counselor
Karine Spiess
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Tampa, FL 33602  (Online Only)
Karine Spiess provides a safe and nurturing environment that allows you to explore your most authentic self. Her approach is a blend of evidence-based therapies and her own unique ability to genuinely connect with clients and accurately understand their thought processes. She has found this to be the most powerful method to achieve long-term mental health.
Karine Spiess provides a safe and nurturing environment that allows you to explore your most authentic self. Her approach is a blend of evidence-based therapies and her own unique ability to genuinely connect with clients and accurately understand their thought processes. She has found this to be the most powerful method to achieve long-term mental health.
(813) 543-8332 View (813) 543-8332
Photo of Angela Williams, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Angela Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tampa, FL 33602  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, or self-worth? Meet Angela Williams, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who's spent over two decades offering therapeutic aid. Angela deeply cares for clients striving to conquer personal challenges, boost self-confidence, and enrich relationships. Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy, she treats a variety of issues such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem problems, parenting struggles, and caregiver stress.
Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, or self-worth? Meet Angela Williams, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who's spent over two decades offering therapeutic aid. Angela deeply cares for clients striving to conquer personal challenges, boost self-confidence, and enrich relationships. Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy, she treats a variety of issues such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem problems, parenting struggles, and caregiver stress.
(813) 736-3967 View (813) 736-3967
Photo of Patsy Bernice Evans - HarmonyUs, Inc., LMHC, AP, PhD, Counselor
HarmonyUs, Inc.
Counselor, LMHC, AP, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33602
We believe in the importance of both Science and Spirituality in our work. We are advocates for both Herbal and Prescription treatment and believe in the use of both Eastern and Western medical systems to treat disease and maintain health. We practice a model of therapy, coaching, and counseling which is collaborative, open and holistic in nature. Our therapeutic relationship should feel warm, safe and be connecting. This model is different than many counseling models which have a less collaborative flavor. In these models typically the therapist is the "expert" in the room and should not be challenged.
We believe in the importance of both Science and Spirituality in our work. We are advocates for both Herbal and Prescription treatment and believe in the use of both Eastern and Western medical systems to treat disease and maintain health. We practice a model of therapy, coaching, and counseling which is collaborative, open and holistic in nature. Our therapeutic relationship should feel warm, safe and be connecting. This model is different than many counseling models which have a less collaborative flavor. In these models typically the therapist is the "expert" in the room and should not be challenged.
(813) 438-4599 View (813) 438-4599
Photo of Allycia Crawford, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Allycia Crawford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tampa, FL 33602
My ideal client would be a kiddo, teen/adolescent, or young adult who may be struggling with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, relationship concerns, and past trauma. Their needs would relate to learning positive coping skills, increasing feelings of self-worth, wanting to learn how to work through negative thoughts, and wanting to work through past trauma. My ideal client would want to learn how to manage stressors in their life in a positive manner and be open and willing to work towards their goals with guidance. This client would be motivated and open to being honest in sessions.
My ideal client would be a kiddo, teen/adolescent, or young adult who may be struggling with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, relationship concerns, and past trauma. Their needs would relate to learning positive coping skills, increasing feelings of self-worth, wanting to learn how to work through negative thoughts, and wanting to work through past trauma. My ideal client would want to learn how to manage stressors in their life in a positive manner and be open and willing to work towards their goals with guidance. This client would be motivated and open to being honest in sessions.
(813) 723-3829 View (813) 723-3829
Photo of Patricia Grullon, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Patricia Grullon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Tampa, FL 33602
My ideal client includes young adults, couples, and families. I specialize in advocating for a holistic approach, recognizing the mind-body connection in therapy. Together, we can facilitate positive changes and strengthen relationships to promote emotional well-being.
My ideal client includes young adults, couples, and families. I specialize in advocating for a holistic approach, recognizing the mind-body connection in therapy. Together, we can facilitate positive changes and strengthen relationships to promote emotional well-being.
(727) 955-3285 View (727) 955-3285
Photo of Kimberly Perez, MS , LMHC, Counselor
Kimberly Perez
Counselor, MS , LMHC
Verified Verified
Tampa, FL 33602
I specialize in supporting individuals facing challenges with self-worth and depression. My ideal clients often grapple with issues related to unhealthy relationships, domestic violence, sexual assault, narcissistic abuse, or childhood trauma. I am dedicated to providing empathetic guidance to help you navigate these difficulties and work towards personal growth and healing.
I specialize in supporting individuals facing challenges with self-worth and depression. My ideal clients often grapple with issues related to unhealthy relationships, domestic violence, sexual assault, narcissistic abuse, or childhood trauma. I am dedicated to providing empathetic guidance to help you navigate these difficulties and work towards personal growth and healing.
(813) 733-5942 View (813) 733-5942
Photo of Le' Isaac Justin Gardner - Dr. Le' Isaac J. Gardner Msc.D., PhD, CTHT, ORDM
Dr. Le' Isaac J. Gardner Msc.D.
PhD, CTHT, ORDM
Verified Verified
Tampa, FL 33602
As a client of mine, you will reclaim your life by focusing on pulling your issues from the root so that they never occur again. I will walk you back to wholeness and health, leaving things such as the symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, depression, motivation, and family and relationship issues in the past. I also use the wonderful powers of your mind, body, and spirit to enhance your memory, sports performance, optimism, spirituality, ability to focus and more.
As a client of mine, you will reclaim your life by focusing on pulling your issues from the root so that they never occur again. I will walk you back to wholeness and health, leaving things such as the symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, depression, motivation, and family and relationship issues in the past. I also use the wonderful powers of your mind, body, and spirit to enhance your memory, sports performance, optimism, spirituality, ability to focus and more.
(813) 544-6494 View (813) 544-6494
Photo of Kelsey Galer, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Kelsey Galer
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Tampa, FL 33602
Offering compassionate counseling services to help you find your inner peace. Let's work together to create a safe, supportive, and flexible space for healing and growth.
Offering compassionate counseling services to help you find your inner peace. Let's work together to create a safe, supportive, and flexible space for healing and growth.
(813) 534-5498 View (813) 534-5498
Photo of Joshua E. Shannon - Gulf Coast Rehabilitation Services, Inc, LMHC, CRC, MCAP, SAP, NCC, Counselor
Gulf Coast Rehabilitation Services, Inc
Counselor, LMHC, CRC, MCAP, SAP, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33602
We are a group of LMHC/LCSW/LMFT counselors that have very diverse Specialties, We have offices locally in South Tampa and Central area of Tampa. We offer concierge virtual counseling services. We additionally have offices in Orlando, Miami and Tampa, We also offer bi-lingual counseling. Among our Counselors are CAP, DUI Evaluations, DOT/SAP Evaluations, RRT, EMDR, CRC, CDMS and CISM certified Therapists/Counselors. All counselors hold appropriate Florida and or National License. Workers Compensation CBT, We welcome all inquiries via E-mail or phone. 877-957-3422 X701 or visit www.gulfcoastrehabservices.com
We are a group of LMHC/LCSW/LMFT counselors that have very diverse Specialties, We have offices locally in South Tampa and Central area of Tampa. We offer concierge virtual counseling services. We additionally have offices in Orlando, Miami and Tampa, We also offer bi-lingual counseling. Among our Counselors are CAP, DUI Evaluations, DOT/SAP Evaluations, RRT, EMDR, CRC, CDMS and CISM certified Therapists/Counselors. All counselors hold appropriate Florida and or National License. Workers Compensation CBT, We welcome all inquiries via E-mail or phone. 877-957-3422 X701 or visit www.gulfcoastrehabservices.com
(855) 335-5044 x701 View (855) 335-5044 x701
Photo of Anne Marie Collier, LMHC, CHT, Counselor
Anne Marie Collier
Counselor, LMHC, CHT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33602
Not accepting new clients
It is time to stop avoiding painful and traumatic memories and to start living your life again. I strive to help my clients feel calm and secure within themselves and the world around them. As a licensed mental health counselor, my passion is helping people overcome challenges, make changes to become healthier and happier, and live their best lives. My goal is to help you prioritize your well-being and celebrate all aspects of your authentic self.
It is time to stop avoiding painful and traumatic memories and to start living your life again. I strive to help my clients feel calm and secure within themselves and the world around them. As a licensed mental health counselor, my passion is helping people overcome challenges, make changes to become healthier and happier, and live their best lives. My goal is to help you prioritize your well-being and celebrate all aspects of your authentic self.
(813) 536-5855 View (813) 536-5855
Photo of Kara Anderson, MS, LMHC, LPCC-S, Counselor
Kara Anderson
Counselor, MS, LMHC, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33602
My clinical philosophy is one of a humanistic nature, with emphasis on the therapeutic relationship as the most essential building block of the counseling process. My therapeutic style is warm, interactive, attentive and compassionate. My care philosophy is not to diagnose, label or categorize but rather, to treat the whole person as an individual who is separate from their problems. I take a holistic approach to health and wellness, with emphasis on achieving balance in major life domains, and I operate with the highest degree of ethical standards of care. My ideal client is someone who believes in growth.
My clinical philosophy is one of a humanistic nature, with emphasis on the therapeutic relationship as the most essential building block of the counseling process. My therapeutic style is warm, interactive, attentive and compassionate. My care philosophy is not to diagnose, label or categorize but rather, to treat the whole person as an individual who is separate from their problems. I take a holistic approach to health and wellness, with emphasis on achieving balance in major life domains, and I operate with the highest degree of ethical standards of care. My ideal client is someone who believes in growth.
(813) 491-9530 View (813) 491-9530
Photo of Amanda Elliott Asproni, MA, RMHC
Amanda Elliott Asproni
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33602  (Online Only)
Amanda specializes in treating the multiple dimensions of complex trauma including infidelity, problematic sexual behavior, betrayal & developmental trauma, childhood sexual abuse, sexual anorexia & relationship intimacy. Amanda is trauma trained, neuropsychologically informed & practices with a psychodynamic, object relations, transactional analysis, attachment & family system frame. She's worked since 2010 with Rick Reynolds, LCSW & consults with other renowned industry leaders Michael Crocker, PhD, Matthew Hedelius, PsyD., CSAT-S, Mary Deitch, PsyD, JD, and Cara Weed, LSCW, CSAT.
Amanda specializes in treating the multiple dimensions of complex trauma including infidelity, problematic sexual behavior, betrayal & developmental trauma, childhood sexual abuse, sexual anorexia & relationship intimacy. Amanda is trauma trained, neuropsychologically informed & practices with a psychodynamic, object relations, transactional analysis, attachment & family system frame. She's worked since 2010 with Rick Reynolds, LCSW & consults with other renowned industry leaders Michael Crocker, PhD, Matthew Hedelius, PsyD., CSAT-S, Mary Deitch, PsyD, JD, and Cara Weed, LSCW, CSAT.
(813) 212-0820 View (813) 212-0820
Photo of Lisa Huertas Rivera, LMHC, CRC, QS, Counselor
Lisa Huertas Rivera
Counselor, LMHC, CRC, QS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33602  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Ready to make some changes in your life? We all have a lot going on in our lives and are often being pulled in different directions, making it hard to consider therapy as a helpful resource. I'm here to remind you how beneficial it can be for you. I work with my clients to try and find balance in their lives. I aim to best help you reach your goals and meet you where you are.
Ready to make some changes in your life? We all have a lot going on in our lives and are often being pulled in different directions, making it hard to consider therapy as a helpful resource. I'm here to remind you how beneficial it can be for you. I work with my clients to try and find balance in their lives. I aim to best help you reach your goals and meet you where you are.
(786) 882-7132 View (786) 882-7132
Photo of Erin Stevens - Anxiety & OCD Treatment Services, PhD, Psychologist
Anxiety & OCD Treatment Services
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33602
Anxiety & OCD Treatment Services is a specialty clinic that strives to provide high-quality, evidence-based treatment for those who are suffering from anxiety and OCD, and who otherwise may not have access to specialized therapy services. We work with children, adolescents, and adults, offering both individual and parent-based therapy.
Anxiety & OCD Treatment Services is a specialty clinic that strives to provide high-quality, evidence-based treatment for those who are suffering from anxiety and OCD, and who otherwise may not have access to specialized therapy services. We work with children, adolescents, and adults, offering both individual and parent-based therapy.
(727) 761-1343 View (727) 761-1343
Photo of Taylor Roe, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Taylor Roe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tampa, FL 33602  (Online Only)
Navigating transition and uncertainty alone can be daunting and generate fears that keep us stuck. We can feel trapped in our heads, and whether change is something we are actively pursuing or is a condition we feel is forced upon us, it can be difficult to find a way out, especially all on our own! Therapy can be a place to unburden ourselves and share our minds with someone who can provide an outside perspective and help us move forward with purpose. It can also be especially helpful for people who struggle with vulnerability and shame and provide a safe space to express and process emotions and struggles.
Navigating transition and uncertainty alone can be daunting and generate fears that keep us stuck. We can feel trapped in our heads, and whether change is something we are actively pursuing or is a condition we feel is forced upon us, it can be difficult to find a way out, especially all on our own! Therapy can be a place to unburden ourselves and share our minds with someone who can provide an outside perspective and help us move forward with purpose. It can also be especially helpful for people who struggle with vulnerability and shame and provide a safe space to express and process emotions and struggles.
(786) 751-4739 View (786) 751-4739
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 33602

200+

Average cost per session

$137

Therapists in 33602 who prioritize treating:

97% Anxiety
90% Depression
78% Self Esteem
74% Stress
72% Relationship Issues
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% Aetna
78% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
73% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 33602 see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 33602?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.

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