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Contributing Writer at (independent)

Operation Popeye was a weather modification program carried out by the U.S. Air Force during the Vietnam War in 1967–1972. It disrupted North Vietnamese military supplies by softening road surfaces and causing landslides. The program was conducted from Thailand over Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. It was allegedly sponsored by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and the CIA without the authorization of then Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, who had categorically denied to Congress that a program for modification of the weather for use as a tactical weapon even existed. After the Vietnam War, the Weather Modification Convention signed by UN members in 1978 banned weather warfare, or the modification of weather to induce damage or destruction. The High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program, or HAARP, is a scientific endeavor aimed at studying the properties and behavior of the ionosphere. The facility is located near Gakona, Alaska. It began in 1993, and was jointly funded by the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Navy, the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The facility occupies an area of 33 acres which contains an array of 180 radio antennas. Its original purpose was to analyze the ionosphere and investigate the potential for developing ionospheric enhancement technology for radio communications and surveillance. The facility was heavily fenced, armed guards protected the entrance. No visitors were permitted without authorized access.

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