Therapists in Apex, NC

Photo of Jaclyn Fortier - Carolina Counseling Wellness Associates PLLC, LCMHCS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Carolina Counseling Wellness Associates PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHCS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
We are now accepting new clients! Life can be stressful, come and take care of your mental health at our beautifully designed wellness center, or you may opt to use our virtual platform for your convenience. We have providers on staff to help with anxiety, depression, family therapy, parenting support, and trauma recovery.
We are now accepting new clients! Life can be stressful, come and take care of your mental health at our beautifully designed wellness center, or you may opt to use our virtual platform for your convenience. We have providers on staff to help with anxiety, depression, family therapy, parenting support, and trauma recovery.
(919) 355-3533 View (919) 355-3533
Photo of Sydney Menigoz Rudy, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sydney Menigoz Rudy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
Not accepting new clients
I work to provide a holistic, personal form of care that provides each client with the tools they need to overcome life's challenging moments. I take an integrative approach to helping others better understand how their patterns are impacting their lives and what options they have to do things differently. I utilize a creative, expressive approach to combine art and music into my practice to simulate new pathways in the brain and reprocess trauma. Implementing creativity is a critical component in the healing process and has particular power when working with children and adolescents.
I work to provide a holistic, personal form of care that provides each client with the tools they need to overcome life's challenging moments. I take an integrative approach to helping others better understand how their patterns are impacting their lives and what options they have to do things differently. I utilize a creative, expressive approach to combine art and music into my practice to simulate new pathways in the brain and reprocess trauma. Implementing creativity is a critical component in the healing process and has particular power when working with children and adolescents.
(919) 804-1182 View (919) 804-1182
Photo of Christopher Daniel McDowell, PsyD, Psychologist
Christopher Daniel McDowell
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27502
I believe therapy is about helping people realize the greatest amount of happiness in their lives. This may be learning how to manage one's depression and anxiety, a child or adolescent managing their opposition and defiance, or even some skills to make a speech or fall asleep. I also feel therapy is key in processing daily conflicts that affect our thoughts and feelings, but also learning how to make the best decisions that we value.
I believe therapy is about helping people realize the greatest amount of happiness in their lives. This may be learning how to manage one's depression and anxiety, a child or adolescent managing their opposition and defiance, or even some skills to make a speech or fall asleep. I also feel therapy is key in processing daily conflicts that affect our thoughts and feelings, but also learning how to make the best decisions that we value.
(919) 646-5787 View (919) 646-5787
Photo of Isabella Patterson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Isabella Patterson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27523  (Online Only)
My goal is to lend a compassionate hand to guide you through coping with the past and promoting healing for the future to achieve the best version of yourself. My passion lies in working with people from all walks of life to manage emotions and relationships. Whether you are trying to cope with a history of trauma or complexity, navigating a challenging life event or transition, or in the midst of conflict, I can help you achieve a more peaceful, fulfilling and resilient self through building on the skills you already have.
My goal is to lend a compassionate hand to guide you through coping with the past and promoting healing for the future to achieve the best version of yourself. My passion lies in working with people from all walks of life to manage emotions and relationships. Whether you are trying to cope with a history of trauma or complexity, navigating a challenging life event or transition, or in the midst of conflict, I can help you achieve a more peaceful, fulfilling and resilient self through building on the skills you already have.
(919) 629-1230 View (919) 629-1230
Photo of Lisa Yates, LCMHC-A, Counselor
Lisa Yates
Counselor, LCMHC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502  (Online Only)
I believe all individuals deserve respect and dignity. I am passionate in regards to processing experiences and navigating options for moving forward. I believe, as individuals, we function as a whole through physical, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual values and priorities. My goal is to create an environment in which these can be investigated, processed, and utilized in planning and moving forward into a functional and meaningful life.
I believe all individuals deserve respect and dignity. I am passionate in regards to processing experiences and navigating options for moving forward. I believe, as individuals, we function as a whole through physical, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual values and priorities. My goal is to create an environment in which these can be investigated, processed, and utilized in planning and moving forward into a functional and meaningful life.
(984) 205-5591 View (984) 205-5591
Photo of Bethany Minster, MSW, LCSW-A, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bethany Minster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-A
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
Welcome! I am so glad you are here! My name is Bethany and I am an Outpatient Psychotherapist at Three Oaks Behavioral Health and Wellness. My hope is that you find a space to feel heard and understood. Whether or not you are new to therapy or not, I know it takes a lot of strength to reach out. I would love to support you in your journey whether navigating chronic illness ,life transitions, interpersonal conflict and setting boundaries, finding freedom from eating disorders/disordered eating, anxiety and depression.
Welcome! I am so glad you are here! My name is Bethany and I am an Outpatient Psychotherapist at Three Oaks Behavioral Health and Wellness. My hope is that you find a space to feel heard and understood. Whether or not you are new to therapy or not, I know it takes a lot of strength to reach out. I would love to support you in your journey whether navigating chronic illness ,life transitions, interpersonal conflict and setting boundaries, finding freedom from eating disorders/disordered eating, anxiety and depression.
(919) 276-8572 View (919) 276-8572
Photo of Meaghan Henry, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Meaghan Henry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27502  (Online Only)
Are you interested in therapy, but worry about finding someone you can relate to and trust? Do you feel overwhelmed and wonder why life is so hard? Are you struggling with anxiety, ADHD, Autism, health concerns, parenting, problems at work, or a recent life change? No matter what challenge brings you here, I’m ready to help! I offer a down-to-Earth approach with unique solutions for real problems. We will identify your strengths and together create a plan to meet your goals on your terms. You are in control. Change can be a difficult process, but I am here to walk through it with you.
Are you interested in therapy, but worry about finding someone you can relate to and trust? Do you feel overwhelmed and wonder why life is so hard? Are you struggling with anxiety, ADHD, Autism, health concerns, parenting, problems at work, or a recent life change? No matter what challenge brings you here, I’m ready to help! I offer a down-to-Earth approach with unique solutions for real problems. We will identify your strengths and together create a plan to meet your goals on your terms. You are in control. Change can be a difficult process, but I am here to walk through it with you.
(984) 300-4724 View (984) 300-4724
Photo of Julia Bernards, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Julia Bernards
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27502
It can get better. Just getting by in your life or relationships, or feeling like things are overwhelming, unsafe or out of control is worth getting help with. Feeling lost in a life transition is worth getting help with. Finding a way to thrive instead of just survive is worth getting help with. You can have help focusing your efforts on what will actually make a difference, so it can get better. Models I use to understand where you are & how to get where you want to go include Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy, Attachment-Based Family Therapy, Internal Family Systems, Interpersonal Neurobiology & Dialectical Behavioral Therapy.
It can get better. Just getting by in your life or relationships, or feeling like things are overwhelming, unsafe or out of control is worth getting help with. Feeling lost in a life transition is worth getting help with. Finding a way to thrive instead of just survive is worth getting help with. You can have help focusing your efforts on what will actually make a difference, so it can get better. Models I use to understand where you are & how to get where you want to go include Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy, Attachment-Based Family Therapy, Internal Family Systems, Interpersonal Neurobiology & Dialectical Behavioral Therapy.
(919) 705-0057 View (919) 705-0057
Photo of Sara Riggs, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sara Riggs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
Waitlist for new clients
Your reasons for seeking therapy are valid. I will approach our work together with a compassionate heart and a non-judgmental mind. I want to help my clients create safety and peace in their bodies and feel connected to their world. I believe in empowering my clients through coping skills rooted in mindfulness and somatic practices, encouraging gentle vulnerability, and helping them identify paths towards Self confidence and embodiment. I use the natural world as a therapy setting and tool; I find it helps those who have felt stuck in the past with classic talk therapy.
Your reasons for seeking therapy are valid. I will approach our work together with a compassionate heart and a non-judgmental mind. I want to help my clients create safety and peace in their bodies and feel connected to their world. I believe in empowering my clients through coping skills rooted in mindfulness and somatic practices, encouraging gentle vulnerability, and helping them identify paths towards Self confidence and embodiment. I use the natural world as a therapy setting and tool; I find it helps those who have felt stuck in the past with classic talk therapy.
(919) 689-4227 View (919) 689-4227
Photo of Debra Bergman, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Debra Bergman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27502
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 30 years of clinical experience. I have extensive experience working with individuals with issues like anxiety, depression, impulse control, addiction, chronic and life-threatening illness, life transitions, grief and loss, relationship/family problems, stress management, and job stress. I combine a variety of modalities, perspectives, and techniques including client-centered, cognitive behavioral, existential, humanistic, mindfulness, solution-focused, somatic, and trauma-informed care. My mission is to help you manage stress and find more balance in your life.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 30 years of clinical experience. I have extensive experience working with individuals with issues like anxiety, depression, impulse control, addiction, chronic and life-threatening illness, life transitions, grief and loss, relationship/family problems, stress management, and job stress. I combine a variety of modalities, perspectives, and techniques including client-centered, cognitive behavioral, existential, humanistic, mindfulness, solution-focused, somatic, and trauma-informed care. My mission is to help you manage stress and find more balance in your life.
(336) 530-1569 View (336) 530-1569
Photo of Maureen O'Connell, LCMHC
Maureen O'Connell
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27502  (Online Only)
Overwhelmed by anxiety and stress? Maybe you're hurt by a relationship or burnt out from work or parenting. It's common for go-to ways of coping to buckle under stress. I've been there. I'm Maureen and have been a therapist for 20 years (LCMHC). I've always been passionate about mental health. My mission is to help people thrive in a hectic world.
Overwhelmed by anxiety and stress? Maybe you're hurt by a relationship or burnt out from work or parenting. It's common for go-to ways of coping to buckle under stress. I've been there. I'm Maureen and have been a therapist for 20 years (LCMHC). I've always been passionate about mental health. My mission is to help people thrive in a hectic world.
(919) 823-7367 View (919) 823-7367
Photo of Mandy Anglemyer, MA, LCMHCA
Mandy Anglemyer
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MA, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502  (Online Only)
At times navigating life can be difficult and feel overwhelming. My passion lies in walking with you to gain insight, understand and solve problems, clarify values, and find more balance in life. I value the uniqueness of each person, which helps build on your strengths, self-acceptance, and healing. I strive to empower you to be self-compassionate as you journey through vulnerability and discomfort to reach a more fulfilling and meaningful life experience.
At times navigating life can be difficult and feel overwhelming. My passion lies in walking with you to gain insight, understand and solve problems, clarify values, and find more balance in life. I value the uniqueness of each person, which helps build on your strengths, self-acceptance, and healing. I strive to empower you to be self-compassionate as you journey through vulnerability and discomfort to reach a more fulfilling and meaningful life experience.
(919) 374-3032 View (919) 374-3032
Photo of Samantha Mahon, MS, LCMHCS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Samantha Mahon
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LCMHCS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
Women, despite being the foundation of our society (I am a little biased, of course), are often given too much stress to manage effectively. We have to be employees, mothers, wives, friends, daughters and sisters, just to name a few roles that we play. When there is friction or "conflict" in any one of these roles, life can get complicated. I am passionate about supporting women in our many phases of life. I also serve the Latino (Spanish-speaking) community in a culturally sensitive manner.
Women, despite being the foundation of our society (I am a little biased, of course), are often given too much stress to manage effectively. We have to be employees, mothers, wives, friends, daughters and sisters, just to name a few roles that we play. When there is friction or "conflict" in any one of these roles, life can get complicated. I am passionate about supporting women in our many phases of life. I also serve the Latino (Spanish-speaking) community in a culturally sensitive manner.
(919) 794-4799 View (919) 794-4799
Photo of Shea Rouse, LCSW-A, Pre-Licensed Professional
Shea Rouse
Pre-Licensed Professional, LCSW-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! My name is Shea, and I want to support and empower you to become your most authentic self. I provide a safe and collaborative space that encourages curiosity, healing, and growth. We will find the tools you need to cope with and overcome the challenges you are facing. You are the expert of your own experiences and I am interested in learning more about you. Let’s work together to create the life you want to live.
Hi! My name is Shea, and I want to support and empower you to become your most authentic self. I provide a safe and collaborative space that encourages curiosity, healing, and growth. We will find the tools you need to cope with and overcome the challenges you are facing. You are the expert of your own experiences and I am interested in learning more about you. Let’s work together to create the life you want to live.
(919) 893-0700 View (919) 893-0700
Photo of Ashley Phelps - NC Center for Counseling & Psychological Services, LPA, HSP-PA, Psychological Associate
NC Center for Counseling & Psychological Services
Psychological Associate, LPA, HSP-PA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
In our practice we work with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with a variety of issues. We have experience conducting a variety of comprehensive psychological, neuropsychological, cognitive, and substance use evaluations. We have experience conducting psychological testing of patients of all ages, including but are not limited to: Personality, Diagnostic Clarification, Intelligence, Achievement, Learning Disorders, Pervasive Developmental Disorders (e.g., Autism), and ADHD testing.
In our practice we work with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with a variety of issues. We have experience conducting a variety of comprehensive psychological, neuropsychological, cognitive, and substance use evaluations. We have experience conducting psychological testing of patients of all ages, including but are not limited to: Personality, Diagnostic Clarification, Intelligence, Achievement, Learning Disorders, Pervasive Developmental Disorders (e.g., Autism), and ADHD testing.
(919) 371-5878 View (919) 371-5878
Photo of Samantha Sallade, LCMHC, NCC, Counselor
Samantha Sallade
Counselor, LCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Apex, NC 27502
Waitlist for new clients
Accepting new clients for both in office & virtual sessions. Evening appointments available. Hi! I’m Samantha (she/her), I am so excited to have the opportunity to meet with you and be a part of your mental health journey. I provide my clients a safe and comfortable environment, in which we can start to explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences together. My goal is to offer my clients a space to feel seen, heard, and understood. The counseling space is yours and what you want out of our time together is very important to me, so let’s collaborate on how we can meet your goals!
Accepting new clients for both in office & virtual sessions. Evening appointments available. Hi! I’m Samantha (she/her), I am so excited to have the opportunity to meet with you and be a part of your mental health journey. I provide my clients a safe and comfortable environment, in which we can start to explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences together. My goal is to offer my clients a space to feel seen, heard, and understood. The counseling space is yours and what you want out of our time together is very important to me, so let’s collaborate on how we can meet your goals!
(919) 296-3857 View (919) 296-3857
Photo of Scott Spiers - Counseling Supervision Services, MA, LCAS, CCS, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Counseling Supervision Services
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, LCAS, CCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502  (Online Only)
My ideal client isn't sure about their relationship with substances. Most people I work with tend to use alcohol, weed, and other drugs to treat their anxiety, depression, and trauma. Others use more than they're comfortable with and want to moderate their use. Lastly, many people I've worked with over the past 18 years have had negative experiences in treatment and felt misunderstood or even mistreated by a profession that's supposed to help
My ideal client isn't sure about their relationship with substances. Most people I work with tend to use alcohol, weed, and other drugs to treat their anxiety, depression, and trauma. Others use more than they're comfortable with and want to moderate their use. Lastly, many people I've worked with over the past 18 years have had negative experiences in treatment and felt misunderstood or even mistreated by a profession that's supposed to help
(984) 249-2218 View (984) 249-2218
Photo of Melissa Aguilar, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Melissa Aguilar
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed in how to manage your emotions or perhaps you are feeling overwhelmed in your relationships (marital, parent-child, parent-teenager, family, or friends)? Do you find yourself becoming irritable at small things or simply being someone you do not want to be anymore? If the answer is yes to any of those questions, I am glad you have found my page. We all have difficult times throughout our life and it is okay to need and ask for help. Difficult times or difficult symptoms vary from person to person. I am here to help guide you and find ways to alleviate your concerns.
Are you feeling overwhelmed in how to manage your emotions or perhaps you are feeling overwhelmed in your relationships (marital, parent-child, parent-teenager, family, or friends)? Do you find yourself becoming irritable at small things or simply being someone you do not want to be anymore? If the answer is yes to any of those questions, I am glad you have found my page. We all have difficult times throughout our life and it is okay to need and ask for help. Difficult times or difficult symptoms vary from person to person. I am here to help guide you and find ways to alleviate your concerns.
(919) 351-6417 View (919) 351-6417
Photo of Tammy Holcomb, LCMHCS, CEDS, NBCCH
Tammy Holcomb
LCMHCS, CEDS, NBCCH
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
Tired of facing this alone? Need someone to trust to listen without placing judgment? So often, we try to handle things alone for too long. By the time we ask for help, the problem feels out of control. I want to help you to figure this out and get out from under whatever burden or decision is on you. Whether it is the past, work stress, grief over a loss, regret, anxiety, depression, or a behavior interfering with your life goals, I will work with you to try to figure this out.
Tired of facing this alone? Need someone to trust to listen without placing judgment? So often, we try to handle things alone for too long. By the time we ask for help, the problem feels out of control. I want to help you to figure this out and get out from under whatever burden or decision is on you. Whether it is the past, work stress, grief over a loss, regret, anxiety, depression, or a behavior interfering with your life goals, I will work with you to try to figure this out.
(919) 323-4002 View (919) 323-4002
Photo of Brett Maher, PsyD, Psychologist
Brett Maher
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Apex, NC 27502
Are you feeling like your life needs a change but you are not sure where to start? It seems, as life becomes more complex, more and more people are suffering from the devastating effects of stress, depression and anxiety and can benefit from the support and insight that therapy provides. I am a NC Licensed Psychologist working clinically with a wide range of ages and issues. I've worked in the field for 20 years, in schools, day treatment, and the private practice setting with adults, families, couples and children; focusing on adjustment difficulties, relationship problems, childhood abuse and maladaptive coping.
Are you feeling like your life needs a change but you are not sure where to start? It seems, as life becomes more complex, more and more people are suffering from the devastating effects of stress, depression and anxiety and can benefit from the support and insight that therapy provides. I am a NC Licensed Psychologist working clinically with a wide range of ages and issues. I've worked in the field for 20 years, in schools, day treatment, and the private practice setting with adults, families, couples and children; focusing on adjustment difficulties, relationship problems, childhood abuse and maladaptive coping.
(919) 429-8751 View (919) 429-8751
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Apex, NC

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Apex, NC who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
77% Self Esteem
75% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
67% Stress
65% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% BlueCross and BlueShield
81% Aetna
53% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Apex, NC see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

87% Female
12% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Apex?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.

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