Therapists in Michigan

View cities and counties in Michigan
Photo of Reanne Young, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Reanne Young
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Troy, MI 48083
Not accepting new clients
Often times I find that the reoccurring themes in life are the challenges that require the greatest attention. Waking up from unconscious living is hard enough - doing that alone is even more cause to want to go back to sleep. Come in, I'd welcome the opportunity to work with you. Trying on a new perspective might be the way to seeing the possibilities you have! Half of the journey is making the call for help - the other half is working through the filters created from past experiences.
Often times I find that the reoccurring themes in life are the challenges that require the greatest attention. Waking up from unconscious living is hard enough - doing that alone is even more cause to want to go back to sleep. Come in, I'd welcome the opportunity to work with you. Trying on a new perspective might be the way to seeing the possibilities you have! Half of the journey is making the call for help - the other half is working through the filters created from past experiences.
(248) 264-3625 View (248) 264-3625
Photo of Mikaela Smith, LLPC, Counselor
Mikaela Smith
Counselor, LLPC
Verified Verified
Highland, MI 48357
Mikaela Smith is a Limited Licensed Professional Counselor in Michigan who has been practicing since 2023. She has a Masters of Arts from Oakland University. Mikaela believes change happens when clients are welcomed into a warm, trusting, and collaborative environment free from judgment and biases. Our lives consist of emotional, physical, intellectual, social, and spiritual components that shape who we are and how we experience life. Mikaela strives to utilize all aspects of the human experience to help achieve goals and facilitate change.
Mikaela Smith is a Limited Licensed Professional Counselor in Michigan who has been practicing since 2023. She has a Masters of Arts from Oakland University. Mikaela believes change happens when clients are welcomed into a warm, trusting, and collaborative environment free from judgment and biases. Our lives consist of emotional, physical, intellectual, social, and spiritual components that shape who we are and how we experience life. Mikaela strives to utilize all aspects of the human experience to help achieve goals and facilitate change.
(810) 428-0994 View (810) 428-0994
Photo of Hayley Lubinski, LLMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hayley Lubinski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Not Verified Not Verified
1 Endorsed
Fenton, MI 48430
Life can be challenging, confusing, and beautiful all at once. I have experience as an oncology outpatient clinical social worker, a hospice social worker, and an Area Agency on Aging 1-B Support Coordinator. Through these experiences, I supported those living with anxiety, depression, and going through life transitions. I am also passionate about helping young adults and children navigate life circumstances.
Life can be challenging, confusing, and beautiful all at once. I have experience as an oncology outpatient clinical social worker, a hospice social worker, and an Area Agency on Aging 1-B Support Coordinator. Through these experiences, I supported those living with anxiety, depression, and going through life transitions. I am also passionate about helping young adults and children navigate life circumstances.
(810) 442-0278 View (810) 442-0278
Photo of Alicia F, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alicia F
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bay City, MI 48708
I received my Masters of Social Work degree from Michigan State University and have worked with individuals, families, and children for over 10 years. I am passionate about a whole-person approach and enjoy using Accelerated Resolution Therapy, Emotional Freedom Technique, and Somatic Therapy in my sessions. I specialize in treating trauma and anxiety disorders and use a collaborative, strength-based approach to foster hope, healing, and resilience. I believe that every person is their own "expert" and love watching people build more meaningful and fulfilling lives.
I received my Masters of Social Work degree from Michigan State University and have worked with individuals, families, and children for over 10 years. I am passionate about a whole-person approach and enjoy using Accelerated Resolution Therapy, Emotional Freedom Technique, and Somatic Therapy in my sessions. I specialize in treating trauma and anxiety disorders and use a collaborative, strength-based approach to foster hope, healing, and resilience. I believe that every person is their own "expert" and love watching people build more meaningful and fulfilling lives.
(989) 300-0819 View (989) 300-0819
Photo of Ashley VanPutten, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ashley VanPutten
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Hudsonville, MI 49426  (Online Only)
I am passionate about working with adolescents, young adults, and women. My goal as a therapist is to help you in your healing process so you can thrive mentally, emotionally, and physically. My specialties include anxiety, depression, and relationship issues, as well as providing support through life transitions.
I am passionate about working with adolescents, young adults, and women. My goal as a therapist is to help you in your healing process so you can thrive mentally, emotionally, and physically. My specialties include anxiety, depression, and relationship issues, as well as providing support through life transitions.
(616) 404-4505 View (616) 404-4505
Photo of David Ligeski - David Ligeski LLC, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
David Ligeski LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jackson, MI 49201
Have you lost hope in life? Found yourself in what seems to be an intractable rut? Paralyzed with anxiety? Important decisions delayed; opportunities lost? Stuck in memories and experiences of past trauma and failures?
Have you lost hope in life? Found yourself in what seems to be an intractable rut? Paralyzed with anxiety? Important decisions delayed; opportunities lost? Stuck in memories and experiences of past trauma and failures?
(517) 225-3005 View (517) 225-3005
Photo of Richard D Koch, MA
Richard D Koch
MA
Verified Verified
Saint Joseph, MI 49085
I have over 35 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families. Throughout my experience, I have found that, no matter what therapeutic approach is used, the most important and effective factor in therapy is the relationship between the therapist and the client. Many of my clients have expressed appreciation for not feeling judged. I find that listening is critical to helpfulness, but being actively involved through feedback and direction is also extremely important. I generally do not give "advice", but I do explore, with my clients, different options to resolving problems and making progress toward goals.
I have over 35 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families. Throughout my experience, I have found that, no matter what therapeutic approach is used, the most important and effective factor in therapy is the relationship between the therapist and the client. Many of my clients have expressed appreciation for not feeling judged. I find that listening is critical to helpfulness, but being actively involved through feedback and direction is also extremely important. I generally do not give "advice", but I do explore, with my clients, different options to resolving problems and making progress toward goals.
(269) 257-2175 View (269) 257-2175
Photo of Amy Barbee, PsyD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Amy Barbee
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Being human is not always easy and life can be quite difficult. There may be times when you worry about the future, feel angry or sad; guilty or ashamed; feel upset about the emotional pain you are experiencing; or feel overwhelmed, anxious and stressed. Therapy can help by providing you with the tools and insights to help you navigate through the most difficult of life's experiences. I believe our most challenging times in life can also be our greatest opportunity for change and growth-therapy is the place to nurture that process.
Being human is not always easy and life can be quite difficult. There may be times when you worry about the future, feel angry or sad; guilty or ashamed; feel upset about the emotional pain you are experiencing; or feel overwhelmed, anxious and stressed. Therapy can help by providing you with the tools and insights to help you navigate through the most difficult of life's experiences. I believe our most challenging times in life can also be our greatest opportunity for change and growth-therapy is the place to nurture that process.
(734) 304-5037 View (734) 304-5037
Photo of Rachel Scullion, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachel Scullion
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Detroit, MI 48206  (Online Only)
I probably don’t need to tell you we’re living in a racist, sexist, heteronormative, capitalist dystopian nightmare in a slow and painful collapse. It’s hard to cope with that knowledge while dealing with day-to-day nonsense, on top of reliving past trauma on a regular basis. It’s a lot and it’s heavy and it sucks. Some people turn to substances and other vices to cope.
I probably don’t need to tell you we’re living in a racist, sexist, heteronormative, capitalist dystopian nightmare in a slow and painful collapse. It’s hard to cope with that knowledge while dealing with day-to-day nonsense, on top of reliving past trauma on a regular basis. It’s a lot and it’s heavy and it sucks. Some people turn to substances and other vices to cope.
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Photo of Jimmy Dagostino, MA, LLP, Limited Licensed Psychologist
Jimmy Dagostino
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48377  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My main specialty is the LGBTQ+ community, which I am part of. I also work with depression, anxiety, trauma, and adults with ADHD or Autism. I have particular experience with non-binary and transgender individuals, childhood trauma, and addiction. The main thing I want to stress is that whoever you are, whatever you're dealing with, my goal and my passion is to help people find their inner strength and to know themselves. I want to help you trust yourself, rely on yourself, and to help you learn how to not just overcome your challenges but go beyond that and become the best version of yourself you can be because you deserve that.
My main specialty is the LGBTQ+ community, which I am part of. I also work with depression, anxiety, trauma, and adults with ADHD or Autism. I have particular experience with non-binary and transgender individuals, childhood trauma, and addiction. The main thing I want to stress is that whoever you are, whatever you're dealing with, my goal and my passion is to help people find their inner strength and to know themselves. I want to help you trust yourself, rely on yourself, and to help you learn how to not just overcome your challenges but go beyond that and become the best version of yourself you can be because you deserve that.
(248) 916-1841 View (248) 916-1841
Photo of Carrie Pardon, MBA, MA, LPC, Counselor
Carrie Pardon
Counselor, MBA, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
I know the struggle is real. Every. Day. Whether you deal with trauma that is tormenting, anxiety, depression, have been in a relationship that has wounded you, or are looking to improve your emotional health, I offer a safe environment where we can build trust while we dive into what is keeping you from healing & moving toward your goals. Clients who work with me describe: decreased stress & anxiety, healing from trauma & pain, improved communication patterns & increased marital satisfaction. Together we can get to the root of your struggles to bring real change and growth!
I know the struggle is real. Every. Day. Whether you deal with trauma that is tormenting, anxiety, depression, have been in a relationship that has wounded you, or are looking to improve your emotional health, I offer a safe environment where we can build trust while we dive into what is keeping you from healing & moving toward your goals. Clients who work with me describe: decreased stress & anxiety, healing from trauma & pain, improved communication patterns & increased marital satisfaction. Together we can get to the root of your struggles to bring real change and growth!
(947) 888-5625 View (947) 888-5625
Photo of Brinn Walerych - Integrative Wellness Therapy, LMSW, IBHPC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Integrative Wellness Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, IBHPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Marshall, MI 49068
Looking for a therapist that embraces laughter & humanness within therapeutic growth? Hi there - I'm Brinn. As a therapist, I want to help you live in congruence with your values, motivate you toward goals & empower you to live life authentically, progressing through difficult hardships, thoughts & emotions that may challenge this while somatically being mindful of the mind-body connection.
Looking for a therapist that embraces laughter & humanness within therapeutic growth? Hi there - I'm Brinn. As a therapist, I want to help you live in congruence with your values, motivate you toward goals & empower you to live life authentically, progressing through difficult hardships, thoughts & emotions that may challenge this while somatically being mindful of the mind-body connection.
(269) 257-7512 View (269) 257-7512
Photo of Amy Santus, MSW, LMSW-C, CCM, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amy Santus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW-C, CCM
Verified Verified
Lake Orion, MI 48362
I specialize in working with individuals, couples and families who are experiencing depression, anxiety and trauma often associated with infertility, pregnancy loss and postpartum. Family building does not come easily for every person. Primary, secondary and social infertility as well as pregnancy loss can threaten one's dreams of building their family and lead to reproductive trauma. I am committed to helping others heal from this trauma and and in building a new story for their family. I am an ally of the LGBTQ2+ community and work to educate and support the unique challenges in infertility and family planning for all people.
I specialize in working with individuals, couples and families who are experiencing depression, anxiety and trauma often associated with infertility, pregnancy loss and postpartum. Family building does not come easily for every person. Primary, secondary and social infertility as well as pregnancy loss can threaten one's dreams of building their family and lead to reproductive trauma. I am committed to helping others heal from this trauma and and in building a new story for their family. I am an ally of the LGBTQ2+ community and work to educate and support the unique challenges in infertility and family planning for all people.
(248) 975-7130 View (248) 975-7130
Photo of Megan Morell, LMSW, CMHP, TF-CBT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Megan Morell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CMHP, TF-CBT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saginaw, MI 48603  (Online Only)
Welcome, I am glad you are here! A majority of my clinical experience has been centered around children and families within a wide range of backgrounds. Whether it be anxiety, depression, mood concerns, trauma, school stressors, behavioral issues or other problem areas, my intention is to be the fuel that helps ignite the therapeutic process. I believe that life circumstances, environmental factors and genetics can all play a part in a person’s life. If you are looking to address things that are interfering with your life, I can help! Therapy should never be a punishment and is a powerful process that together, we will persevere.
Welcome, I am glad you are here! A majority of my clinical experience has been centered around children and families within a wide range of backgrounds. Whether it be anxiety, depression, mood concerns, trauma, school stressors, behavioral issues or other problem areas, my intention is to be the fuel that helps ignite the therapeutic process. I believe that life circumstances, environmental factors and genetics can all play a part in a person’s life. If you are looking to address things that are interfering with your life, I can help! Therapy should never be a punishment and is a powerful process that together, we will persevere.
(989) 455-7582 View (989) 455-7582
Photo of Alexandria Conger, Licensed Professional Counselor
Alexandria Conger
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Hi, I'm Alex! I'm a limited license professional counselor (LLPC) with experience working with teens, adults, and couples in individual and group counseling settings. I am passionate about reflecting on how the past influences your feelings, thoughts, and behaviors in the present, and how to create goals to realistically address struggles you may be experiencing. I also love working with LGBTQ+ clients or clients exploring their identity. My job as a therapist is to instill hope in yourself and confidence in your strengths as a human being, while also providing some new perspectives if needed.
Hi, I'm Alex! I'm a limited license professional counselor (LLPC) with experience working with teens, adults, and couples in individual and group counseling settings. I am passionate about reflecting on how the past influences your feelings, thoughts, and behaviors in the present, and how to create goals to realistically address struggles you may be experiencing. I also love working with LGBTQ+ clients or clients exploring their identity. My job as a therapist is to instill hope in yourself and confidence in your strengths as a human being, while also providing some new perspectives if needed.
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Photo of Kelli J Cummings, PhD, LPC, NCC, Counselor
Kelli J Cummings
Counselor, PhD, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portage, MI 49024  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I have worked with adolescents and adults as a counselor and as an educator for more than 17 years. As a therapist, I use a holistic approach to wellness with an eclectic incorporation of many techniques in mental health and education. I believe in empowering clients in determining their best use of resources to overcome obstacles and achieving their overall wellness and potential. I enjoy working with clients who are in transition - end of a relationship, loss of employment, heading to college - to name a few. These are stressful times, and I partner with clients as they navigate these changes.
I have worked with adolescents and adults as a counselor and as an educator for more than 17 years. As a therapist, I use a holistic approach to wellness with an eclectic incorporation of many techniques in mental health and education. I believe in empowering clients in determining their best use of resources to overcome obstacles and achieving their overall wellness and potential. I enjoy working with clients who are in transition - end of a relationship, loss of employment, heading to college - to name a few. These are stressful times, and I partner with clients as they navigate these changes.
(269) 247-7041 View (269) 247-7041
Photo of Virginia Fournier, LLMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Virginia Fournier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Grand Blanc, MI 48439  (Online Only)
You have worked hard at healing, yet there are still limiting beliefs and painful past experiences holding you back from fully stepping into your power. If you struggle due to past trauma, attachment wounds, anxiety, perfectionism, or feelings of low self-worth despite "seeming okay to others," I can help you get the healing you deserve. Wherever you are on your healing journey, allow me to help you go deeper, to finally reclaim your sense of self, your sense of worth, and your sense of peace. Please note, I do NOT accept insurance of any kind. Your healing journey is worth it! Are you ready to gain inner peace and happiness?
You have worked hard at healing, yet there are still limiting beliefs and painful past experiences holding you back from fully stepping into your power. If you struggle due to past trauma, attachment wounds, anxiety, perfectionism, or feelings of low self-worth despite "seeming okay to others," I can help you get the healing you deserve. Wherever you are on your healing journey, allow me to help you go deeper, to finally reclaim your sense of self, your sense of worth, and your sense of peace. Please note, I do NOT accept insurance of any kind. Your healing journey is worth it! Are you ready to gain inner peace and happiness?
(517) 923-2773 View (517) 923-2773
Photo of Darcy Britten, MA, LPC, Counselor
Darcy Britten
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Traverse City, MI 49684
Not accepting new clients
I believe that all individuals have the wisdom, strength and resilience to bring about change. It is a privilege to help you develop coping skills and solutions to problems, and to be a partner with you in your healing from pain and trauma. My work is guided by Solution Focused Therapy and I use Brainspotting, a brain based psychotherapy modality, which allows access to the midbrain, where traumatic experiences are stored. I provide a safe place where you can build on strengths and heal emotional pain and anxiety, to lead a more satisfying life.
I believe that all individuals have the wisdom, strength and resilience to bring about change. It is a privilege to help you develop coping skills and solutions to problems, and to be a partner with you in your healing from pain and trauma. My work is guided by Solution Focused Therapy and I use Brainspotting, a brain based psychotherapy modality, which allows access to the midbrain, where traumatic experiences are stored. I provide a safe place where you can build on strengths and heal emotional pain and anxiety, to lead a more satisfying life.
(231) 225-4920 x106 View (231) 225-4920 x106
Photo of David Lawrence, MA, LLP, Limited Licensed Psychologist
David Lawrence
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Portage, MI 49002
I focus on using evidenced based therapies in order to provide my clients with effective treatments for a variety of problems. My aim is to help clients to understand their personal values in life, to achieve their personal goals, and to overcome the barriers that interfere with living a values-based life. I personally believe that we are all doing the best we can, and that we can all benefit from having someone support us in making meaningful changes in our lives. I specialize in treatments for trauma, perfectionism, and treatment resistant anxiety and depression.
I focus on using evidenced based therapies in order to provide my clients with effective treatments for a variety of problems. My aim is to help clients to understand their personal values in life, to achieve their personal goals, and to overcome the barriers that interfere with living a values-based life. I personally believe that we are all doing the best we can, and that we can all benefit from having someone support us in making meaningful changes in our lives. I specialize in treatments for trauma, perfectionism, and treatment resistant anxiety and depression.
(616) 226-5762 View (616) 226-5762
Photo of Amanda Elizabeth Reister, MA, LLC, Counselor
Amanda Elizabeth Reister
Counselor, MA, LLC
Verified Verified
Bloomfield, MI 48302
I am a firm believer that you don't need to be in crisis to seek therapy. Everyone can benefit from a compassionate environment that leads to self-reflection, goal setting, healing, and growth. I use an integrative approach customized to each client's specific needs to address issues including: Adjustment, Anxiety, Depression, Grief & Loss, Identity, Parenting, Pregnancy/Prenatal/Postpartum, Post-Maternity Leave Challenges, Relationship Issues, Trauma, and Women’s Health.
I am a firm believer that you don't need to be in crisis to seek therapy. Everyone can benefit from a compassionate environment that leads to self-reflection, goal setting, healing, and growth. I use an integrative approach customized to each client's specific needs to address issues including: Adjustment, Anxiety, Depression, Grief & Loss, Identity, Parenting, Pregnancy/Prenatal/Postpartum, Post-Maternity Leave Challenges, Relationship Issues, Trauma, and Women’s Health.
(248) 609-1939 View (248) 609-1939

How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Michigan who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
88% Depression
74% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
70% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

94% BlueCross and BlueShield
62% Aetna
58% Blue Care Network

How Therapists in Michigan see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Michigan?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.

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